PHP & Mysql: UTF-8 all the way through

I'm setting up a new server, and want to support UTF-8 fully in my web application. I have tried in the past on existing servers and always seem to end up having to fall back to ISO-8859-1.


Where exactly do I need to set the encoding/charsets? I'm aware that I need to configure Apache, MySQL and PHP to do this - is there some standard checklist I can follow, or perhaps troubleshoot where the mismatches occur?

This is for a new Linux server, running MySQL 5, PHP 5 and Apache 2.

 Answers

Data Storage:

• Specify the utf8mb4 character set on all tables and text columns in your database. This makes MySQL physically store and retrieve values encoded natively in UTF-8. Note that MySQL will implicitly use utf8mb4 encoding if a utf8mb4_* collation is specified (without any explicit character set).
• In older versions of MySQL (< 5.5.3), you'll unfortunately be forced to use simply utf8, which only supports a subset of Unicode characters. I wish I were kidding.

Data Access:

• In your application code (e.g. PHP), in whatever DB access method you use, you'll need to set the connection charset to utf8mb4. This way, MySQL does no conversion from its native UTF-8 when it hands data off to your application and vice versa.
• Some drivers provide their own mechanism for configuring the connection character set, which both updates its own internal state and informs MySQL of the encoding to be used on the connection—this is usually the preferred approach. In PHP:
  • If you're using the PDO abstraction layer with PHP ≥ 5.3.6, you can specify charset in the DSN:

    $dbh = new PDO('mysql:charset=utf8mb4');
    

  • If you're using mysqli, you can call set_charset():

    $mysqli->set_charset('utf8mb4');       // object oriented style
    mysqli_set_charset($link, 'utf8mb4');  // procedural style
    

  • If you're stuck with plain mysql but happen to be running PHP ≥ 5.2.3, you can call mysql_set_charset.
• If the driver does not provide its own mechanism for setting the connection character set, you may have to issue a query to tell MySQL how your application expects data on the connection to be encoded: SET NAMES 'utf8mb4'.
• The same consideration regarding utf8mb4/utf8 applies as above.

Output:

• If your application transmits text to other systems, they will also need to be informed of the character encoding. With web applications, the browser must be informed of the encoding in which data is sent (through HTTP response headers or HTML metadata).
• In PHP, you can use the default_charset php.ini option, or manually issue the Content-Type MIME header yourself, which is just more work but has the same effect.

Input:

• Unfortunately, you should verify every received string as being valid UTF-8 before you try to store it or use it anywhere. PHP's mb_check_encoding()does the trick, but you have to use it religiously. There's really no way around this, as malicious clients can submit data in whatever encoding they want, and I haven't found a trick to get PHP to do this for you reliably.
• From my reading of the current HTML spec, the following sub-bullets are not necessary or even valid anymore for modern HTML. My understanding is that browsers will work with and submit data in the character set specified for the document. However, if you're targeting older versions of HTML (XHTML, HTML4, etc.), these points may still be useful:
  • For HTML before HTML5 only: you want all data sent to you by browsers to be in UTF-8. Unfortunately, if you go by the the only way to reliably do this is add the accept-charset attribute to all your <form> tags: <form ... accept-charset="UTF-8">.
  • For HTML before HTML5 only: note that the W3C HTML spec says that clients "should" default to sending forms back to the server in whatever charset the server served, but this is apparently only a recommendation, hence the need for being explicit on every single <form> tag.

Other Code Considerations:

• Obviously enough, all files you'll be serving (PHP, HTML, JavaScript, etc.) should be encoded in valid UTF-8.
• You need to make sure that every time you process a UTF-8 string, you do so safely. This is, unfortunately, the hard part. You'll probably want to make extensive use of PHP's mbstring extension.
• PHP's built-in string operations are not by default UTF-8 safe. There are some things you can safely do with normal PHP string operations (like concatenation), but for most things you should use the equivalent mbstring function.
• To know what you're doing (read: not mess it up), you really need to know UTF-8 and how it works on the lowest possible level. Check out any of the links from utf8.com for some good resources to learn everything you need to know.

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In addition to setting default_charset in php.ini, you can send the correct charset using header() from within your code, before any output:

header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');

Working with Unicode in PHP is easy as long as you realize that most of the string functions don't work with Unicode, and some might mangle strings completely. PHP considers "characters" to be 1 byte long. Sometimes this is okay (for example, explode() only looks for a byte sequence and uses it as a separator -- so it doesn't matter what actual characters you look for). But other times, when the function is actually designed to work on characters, PHP has no idea that your text has multi-byte characters that are found with Unicode.

A good library to check into is phputf8. This rewrites all of the "bad" functions so you can safely work on UTF8 strings. There are extensions like the mbstring extension that try to do this for you, too, but I prefer using the library because it's more portable (but I write mass-market products, so that's important for me). But phputf8 can use mbstring behind the scenes, anyway, to increase performance.

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In my case, I was using mb_split, which uses regex. Therefore I also had to manually make sure the regex encoding was utf-8 by doing mb_regex_encoding('UTF-8');

As a side note, I also discovered by running mb_internal_encoding() that the internal encoding wasn't utf-8, and I changed that by running mb_internal_encoding("UTF-8");.

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I recently discovered that using strtolower() can cause issues where the data is truncated after a special character.

The solution was to use

mb_strtolower($string, 'UTF-8');

mb_ uses MultiByte. It supports more characters but in general is a little slower.

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In PHP, you'll need to either use the multibyte functions, or turn on mbstring.func_overload. That way things like strlen will work if you have characters that take more than one byte.

You'll also need to identify the character set of your responses. You can either use AddDefaultCharset, as above, or write PHP code that returns the header. (Or you can add a META tag to your HTML documents.)

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I have just went through the same issue and found a good solution at PHP manuals.

I changed all my file encoding to UTF8 then the default encoding on my connection. This solved all the problems.

if (!$mysqli->set_charset("utf8")) {
    printf("Error loading character set utf8: %s\n", $mysqli->error);
} else {
   printf("Current character set: %s\n", $mysqli->character_set_name());
}

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The top answer is excellent. Here is what I had to on a regular debian/php/mysql setup:

// storage
// debian. apparently already utf-8

// retrieval
// the mysql database was stored in utf-8, 
// but apparently php was requesting iso. this worked: 
// ***notice "utf8", without dash, this is a mysql encoding***
mysql_set_charset('utf8');

// delivery
// php.ini did not have a default charset, 
// (it was commented out, shared host) and
// no http encoding was specified in the apache headers.
// this made apache send out a utf-8 header
// (and perhaps made php actually send out utf-8)
// ***notice "utf-8", with dash, this is a php encoding***
ini_set('default_charset','utf-8');

// submission
// this worked in all major browsers once apache
// was sending out the utf-8 header. i didnt add
// the accept-charset attribute.

// processing
// changed a few commands in php, like substr,
// to mb_substr